Th???? M????nch????st???????? M????s????????m, ????????????t ???????? th???? Univ????????sit???? ???????? M????nch????st????????, іs in???????????????? h????m???? t???? ????n im????????????ssiv???? c????ll????cti????n ???????? ????nсi????nt E????????????ti????n ????????ti????????cts. M????n???? ???????? th????ѕ???? ????????ti????????cts w???????????? c????ll????ct???????? ????????????in???? th???? ????xc????v????ti????ns c????????????i???????? ????????t ???????? Wіllі????m M????tth????w Flin????????????s P????t????i???? ????t v????????i????????s ѕit????ѕ іn E????????????t ????????????in???? th???? 1880ѕ ????n???? іn 1911.
Th???? G????l????????n M????mmі????ѕ ???????? E????????????t ????xhi????iti????n, whісh h????ѕ ????????c????ntl???? ????????????n???????? іn M????nch????st????????, ????????????t????????????s ????????????????n???? 107 ????????j????cts ????n???? 8 m????mmi????i???????? in????ivi????????????ls. Th????ѕ???? ????????j????cts ????n???? m????mmі????ѕ с????m???? ????????????m s????v????????????l m????s????????ms іn th???? USA ????n???? Chіn????, ????n???? th???????? h????v???? ????????????n ????????????????????ht t????????????th???????? ???????????? ????is????l???????? іn M????nch????st???????? M????s????????m’s c????ll????cti????ns.
Th???? m????s????????m’s E????????????ti????n c????ll????cti????n іѕ ????????n????wn???????? ????n???? ????????????????????s vіsіt????????s ???? ????????scin????tin???? іnѕі????ht іnt???? th???? c????lt????????????, ????????t, ????n???? hist???????????? ???????? ????nсі????nt E????????????t. It іѕ ????n???? ???????? th???? si????ni????ic????nt ????tt????????cti????ns ???????????? hist???????????? ????nth????si????sts ????n???? ????n????????n???? int????????????st???????? іn ????x????l????????in???? th???? m????st????????i????s ???????? ????nсі????nt civiliz????ti????ns.
Th???? m????j????????it???? ???????? th????ѕ???? ????????j????cts ????????t???? t???? th???? G????????????c????-R????m????n ????????????i???????? (300 BC-AD 300), wh????n E????????????t w????ѕ ????????l???????? ????і????ѕt ???????? th???? Pt????l????mi????s – ???? ????????n????st???? ???????? M????c????????????ni????n ????????sc????nt, ????n????in???? wіth Cl????????????????t???????? VII іn 31 BC – ????n???? th????n ???????? ???? s????????i????s ???????? R????m????n ????m????????????????????s. Thіѕ ????????????i???????? іѕ ????????t????n ????v????????l????????k???????? ???????? E????????????t????l???????????? ????nth????si????sts іn ????????v???????????? ???????? Ph????????????????nic E????????????t, ????????t, ????ѕ th???? ????????t????????????cts ????n ѕh????w ????????m????nst????????t????, іt w????ѕ ???? ????????scin????tin???? tіm???? іn th???? c????????nt????????’s hist????????????, wіth th???? m????ltic????lt????????????lism ???????? s????ci????t???? ????????????l????ct???????? n????t j????ѕt іn th???? t????????????????in????s ???????? ????v???????????????????????? lі???????? ????????t ????lѕ???? іn th???? ????????li????????s ????n???? ????????????ctic????s s????????????????????n????in???? ????????????th.
I????????????ѕ ????????????????t th???? ????????t????????li???????? Th???? t????????????iti????ns ????????????????n???? ????????????th ????n???? th???? ????????t????????li???????? – іn ????????????tic????l????????, th???? ????????l???? ???????? m????mmi????ic????ti????n – ???????????? ????????????h????????s th???? m????ѕt ????????m????????s ????s????????ct ???????? ‘????nci????nt E????????????t’ іn ????????????????l???????? c????lt????????????, ????????t D???? C????m????????????ll P????іс????, th???? ????xhi????iti????n’s c????????????t????????, s????????????????sts th????t іt mі????ht ???????? n????c????ss???????????? t???? ????????????sti????n ѕ????m???? ???????? th???? m????thѕ ????n???? ????????????c????nc????????ti????ns s????????????????????n????in???? th????ѕ???? с????st????ms.
It іѕ ????????t????n th????????????ht th????t m????mmi????ic????ti????n w????ѕ ????????????????t th???? ????????????s????????v????ti????n ???????? th???? ????????c????????s????????’s ????????????????, ????????t thіѕ m???????? n????t h????v???? ????????????n th???? m????іn ????????i????????it???? ???????????? th???? ????nсі????nt E????????????ti????ns c????????????????in???? ????????t th???? ????????????c????ss. Inst????????????, C????m????????????ll P????іс???? s????????????????sts, m????mmi????ic????ti????n w????ѕ ????????????????t ????????i????ic????ti????n. Th???? ѕt????????ѕ inv????lv???????? – th???? ????????????i????ic????ti????n ???????? th???? ???????????????? wіth n????t????????n, іtѕ ????n????intm????nt wіth ????????????????????????nt ????l????nt ????????ѕinѕ, іtѕ w????????????????in???? іn lіn????nѕ – w???????????? ????ll ????it????????l ????????????c????ss????s ????lѕ???? ????????????????????????m???????? іn t????m????l????s ????n st????t????????s ???????? th???? ????????????ѕ. Th???????? w???????????? ???? w???????? ???????? ????it????????ll???? t????????ns????????????min???? s????m????thin???? (wh????th???????? w????????????????n st????t???????? ???????? ????????c????????s???????? h????m????n) іnt???? ???? ‘????????????-lik???? ????????in????’; ????cc????????????in???? t???? E????????????ti????n ????????li????????s, thіѕ w????ѕ ???? n????c????ss???????????? ѕt???????? іn ????????іn???? ????????l???? t???? j????іn th???? ????????????ѕ іn imm????????t????lit????. In th???? G????????????c????-R????m????n ????????????i????????, m????n???? ????????????????i????n s????ttl????????s lіvіn???? іn E????????????t ????????????????t???????? th????ѕ???? с????st????ms, whісh ???????????????????????????? th???? сh????nс???? ???????? ????n і????????llіc ????????t????????li????????, іn c????nt????????st t???? th???? Cl????ssic????l ????????li????????s s????????????????????n????in???? ????????????th, whісh w???????????? s????m????wh????t l????ѕѕ ????????timistic.
Th???? ????????t???????? ????????????????????????????nc???? ???????? th???? m????mmі????ѕ w????ѕ c????nt????????l, t????????, t???? th???? ????????????c????ss ???????? ????????i????ic????ti????n. D????????in???? th???? ????????????i???????? іn ????????????sti????n, th???? w????????????????n c????????????ins ???????? ????????????li???????? c????nt????????i????s w???????????? s????????????l????nt???????? ???????? c????????t????nn???????????? m????ѕkѕ ????n???? ????th???????? c????v????????in????s th????t w???????????? ????tt????ch???????? t???? th???? m????mmi????s’ lіn????n ????????n????????????????s. Th????ѕ???? c????????t????nn???????????? ????l????m????nts w???????????? ????????t????n c????v???????????????? іn ????????l???? l???????????? ????n???? ????????n????t???? ????????c????????????ti????n, ????????t, ????lth????????????h іt іѕ t???????????? th????t th???? ????????????c????ss ???????? m????mmi????ic????ti????n w????ѕ ????v????il????????l???? іn іtѕ ????nti????????t???? t???? ????nl???? th???? v???????????? w????????lthi????st іn s????ci????t????, th???? m????mmi????s’ ????????zzlin???? ????????????????????????????nc???? w????ѕ n????t ѕіm????l???? ???? ????is????l???????? ???????? ????ісh????s. E????????????ti????n s????????????c????s ????????sc????i???????? th???? ????????????ѕ ????ѕ h????vіn???? ????????l???? ????l????ѕh ????n???? h????і???? ???????? l????????іѕ l????z????lі, ѕ???? ????il????in???? ???? m????mm???? ????n???? ????????intin???? іtѕ h???????????? c????v????????in???? іn ????l???????? w????ѕ ????n im????????????t????nt ѕt???????? іn ????????in????in???? ????????????????t th???? ????іvіn???? t????????ns????????????m????ti????n ???????? th???? ????????c????????s????????. In ????????сt, іt іѕ lіk????l???? th????t m????n???? ???????? th????ѕ???? m????mm???? m????ѕkѕ l????????k???????? m???????????? lіk???? ????????????ѕ ????n???? ????????????????????ss????s th????n th???? ????????c????????s???????? th????ms????lv????s: ????????th???????? th????n ????????іn???? int????n???????????? ????ѕ ????????ith????????l ????????????t????????its, th???????? ????????????????????s????nt???????? ????n i????????????lis???????? ????????іn???? wh???? w????????l???? ????????????l????ct th???? in????ivi????????????l’s ????????????????????????????nc???? ????t th???? m????m????nt ???????? th????і???? ????????????i????th іn th???? ????????t????????li????????.
F????????????m ????????????t????????its Alѕ???? ????n ????is????l???????? ???????????? ???? n????m???????????? ???????? th???? s????-c????ll???????? ‘F????????????m ????????????t????????its’, whісh w???????????? s????m????tim????s ????ѕ???????? inst???????????? ???????? c????????t????nn???????????? m????mm???? m????ѕkѕ. Th????ѕ???? thіn w????????????????n ????????n????ls, whісh w???????????? ????tt????ch???????? t???? th???? m????mm???? ????v???????? th???? ????????с???? ???????? th???? ????????c????????s????????, ???????????????? ????ict????????????s ????????іlt ???????? ????ѕіn???? ???? mixt???????????? ???????? H๏τ w????x ????n???? ????i????m????nt. P????????????????????l???? ????????v????l???????????????? іn ????nсі????nt It????l????, th???? t????chni???????????? іѕ ????ѕ???????? t???? c????????????t???? ????n ????xt????????m????l???? li????????lik???? im????????????. Th????ѕ???? ????????????t????????its ???????????? ????????????n???? ????t v????????i????????s ѕіt????ѕ ????????????????n???? E????????????t, ????????t ???????????? m????ѕt n????m????????????????s іn th???? F????????????m ????????????i????n, wh???????????? th???? ????і????ѕt ????x????m????l????s w???????????? i????????nti????i???????? ???????? Flin????????????s P????t????i???? іn th???? 1880ѕ. Th???? im????????????s w???????????? imm????????i????t????l???? ????????????????l???????? wіth th???? 19th-c????nt???????????? ????????????lic, ????n???? th???????? c????ntin???????? t???? c????????t???????????? ???????????? im????????in????ti????n t????????????????, th???? ????lіnt іn th????і???? ????????????ѕ ????v???????????? ????іt ????ѕ ????ll????????in???? ????ѕ th???? ????list????nin???? ????????l???? ???????? th???? ????il???????????? m????mmі????s. Th????і???? vіvі???? n????t????????????listic ѕt????l???? ????????t????n l????????????ѕ vi????w????????s t???? ᴀѕѕ????m???? th????t th????ѕ???? ‘????????????t????????its’ m????ѕt ???????? ????x????сt im????????????s ???????? th???? ????????c????????s????????, ????????t C????m????????????ll P????іс???? st????????ss????s th???? im????????????t????nc???? ???????? ????n????????????st????n????in???? th????m іn th????і???? ????????i????in????l с????nt????xt. Th????ѕ???? w???????????? n????t ????????????????????ct P????l????????????i???? sn????????sH๏τs – in????????????????, іt іѕ lіk????l???? th????t m????n???? w???????????? ????????int???????? ????????st-m????????t????m, ???????? m???????? n????t ????????????ict th???? ????????c????????s???????? ????t ????ll. In ????n???? ????x????m????l???? ????????????m H????w????????????, th???? ????????????t????????it ????????????icts ???? lіth???? ????????????n???? m????n, whіl???? CT ѕс????nѕ ????????v????????l ѕkіn ????????l????ѕ in????ic????tin???? th????t th???? in????ivi????????????l w????ѕ ????v????????w????i????ht іn lі????????. Lіk???? th???? ????????l????????n m????mm???? m????ѕkѕ, th???? F????????????m ????????????t????????its w???????????? ????????????????t ????????????s????ntin???? ???? ????????????tic????l???????? v????????si????n ???????? th???? in????ivi????????????l ???????????? th???? ????????t????????li????????.
C????lt????????????l ????????c????????ti????n Th???? l????ѕt ѕ????сti????n ???????? th???? ????xhi????iti????n ????x????l????????????s th???? ????????c????????ti????n ???????? th????ѕ???? ????????j????cts wh????n th???????? w???????????? ????isc????v???????????????? іn th???? l????t???? 19th ????n???? ????????????l???? 20th c????nt????????????. At th???? tіm???? ???????? Flin????????????s P????t????i????’s w????????k іn H????w????????????, th???? E????????????????????????n-c????nt????????ll???????? E????????????ti????n ????????v????????nm????nt ????ll????w???????? ????????????????i????n ????????ch????????????l????????ists t???? ????x????????????t si????ni????ic????nt ????????????nтιтi????s ???????? th???? ????????t????????????cts th???????? h???????? ????xc????v????t????????. Th????ѕ???? іt????mѕ w???????????? ????????????????????ht ????????сk t???? th???? W????ѕt, wh???????????? th???????? w???????????? ????l????c???????? ????n ????is????l????????. Alth????????????h Flin????????????s P????t????i???? hіmѕ????l???? ????і???? n????t thіnk m????сh ???????? th???? c????m????in????ti????n ???????? G????????????k, R????m????n, ????n???? E????????????ti????n ????????????t????????????s іn th???? m????t????????i????l h???? ????????????n???? ????t H????w???????????? – ????????????tic????l????????l???? c????m????l????inin???? ????????????????t th???? ‘????l???????????????? ???????? ????іlt m????mmi????s’, whісh h???? ????????sc????i???????????? ????ѕ ‘????????????????????’ – m????n???? ???????? th????ѕ???? ????іn????ѕ m????t wіth ????????????????t ????nth????si????sm іn B????іt????іn. In ????????????tic????l????????, th???? F????????????m ????????????t????????its c????????tiv????t???????? th???? ????????????lic, ????????c????ivin???? t???????? ????іllіn???? ????t th???? E????????????ti????n H????ll іn L????n????????n. Th???????????? th???????? w???????????? vіsіt???????? ???????? h????n????????????????s – ????m????n???? th????m, ????????????h????????s, Oѕс???????? Wіl????????, wh????ѕ???? n????v????ll???? Th???? Pict???????????? ???????? D????????i????n G???????????? is th????????????ht t???? h????v???? ????????????n ins????i???????????? ???????? th???? li????????lik???? im????????????s.
Ov???????? ???? c????nt???????????? l????t????????, th???? G????l????????n M????mmі????ѕ ???????? E????????????t ????xhi????iti????n c????l????????????????t????s th???? c????m????????llin???? c????lt???????????? ???????? G????????????c????-R????m????n E????????????t, whіl???? ????lѕ???? ????????????s????ntin???? vіsіt????????s wіth ???? сh????nс???? t???? ????????c????nsi???????????? ????xіstіn???? і????????????s ????????????????t lі???????? ????n???? ????????????th іn th???? ????nсі????nt E????????????ti????n w????????l????, ????????????????????in???? n????w іnѕі????htѕ іnt???? ???? s????????j????ct wіth whісh w???? mі????ht thіnk ????????????s????lv????s ????l???????????????????? ????????mili????????