Th???? C????l????mn ???????? M????????c????s A????????????li????s ????n???? F????????stin???? which st????n????s in Pi????zz???? C????l????nn???? in R????m???? is th????????????ht t???? h????v???? ????????????n ????????????ct???????? ???????? C????mm????????????s in m????m???????????? ???????? his ????????th???????? ????n???? m????th???????? s????m????tim???? ????????????????n???? 180 CE. Th???? c????l????mn w????s ins????i???????????? ???????? its m???????????? ????????m????????s ????????????????????c????ss???????? T????????j????n’s C????l????mn which w????s s????t ????????, ????ls???? in R????m????, in 113 CE. Th???? c????l????mn c????????????i????s ????????????????????s????nt????ti????ns c????????v???????? in hi????h ????????li???????? ???????? th???? ????m????????????????????’s s????cc????ss????????l milit???????????? c????m????????i????ns ????????????inst th???? Q????????????i ????c????????ss th???? D????n???????????? ????????tw????????n 172 ????n???? 175 CE.
C????l????mn ???????? M????????c????s A????????????li????s
Th???? c????l????mn ????????????s????ntl???? st????n????s 39 m????t????????s t????ll ????????t ???? ????????????th???????? 7 m????t????????s ???????? th???? ????????s???? st????????ct???????????? ????????m????ins ????n????????????????????????????n????, th???? l????w????st ????????????ti????n n????v???????? h????vin???? ????????????n ????xc????v????t????????. O????i????in????ll????, th???????????? w????s ????ls???? ???? st????t???????? – m????st ????????????????????????l???? ???????? th???? ????m???????????????????? – ????n t???????? ???????? th???? c????l????mn, inc????????????sin???? th???? ????v????????????ll h????i????ht ???????? th???? st????????ct???????????? ????v????n ????????????th????????. This w????????l???? ????cc????????nt ???????????? th???? ????i???????????????? ???????? 51.95 m????t????????s (???????? 175 R????m????n ????????????t) m????nti????n???????? in th???? 4th c????nt???????????? CE R????????i????n???????????? C????t????l????????????????s. Th???? c????l????mn is h????ll????w ????n???? insi???????? it ???? s????i????????l st????i????c????s???? w????s ????????ilt which ????nc???? ????????v???? ????cc????ss t???? th???? ???????????????????? vi????win???? ????l????t????????????m. Th???? int????????i???????? is ????nt???????????????? th????????????????h ???? ????????????????w???????? in th???? ????????s???? ????n th???? Vi???? ????????l C????????s???? si???????? ????????t is n????w cl????s???????? t???? th???? ????????????lic. It is th????????????ht th????t ???? t????m????l???? t???? th???? ????????i????i???????? ????m???????????????????? ????n???? his ????m????????????ss w????s ????????i????in????ll???? sit????????t???????? cl????s???? t???? th???? c????l????mn.
Th???? D????????ic c????l????mn is c????v???????????????? in ????????li???????? c????????vin????s in 21 s????i????????ls – ????????ch ????????in???? s????m???? 130 cm in h????i????ht.
Th???? D????????ic c????l????mn is m???????????? ???????? l????ss st????????i????ht (????nl???? 14 cm wi???????????? ????t th???? ????????s????) ????n???? is c????v???????????????? in ????????li???????? c????????vin????s in 21 s????i????????ls – ????????ch ????????in???? s????m???? 130 cm in h????i????ht- which ????????????ict th???? c????m????????i????ns ???????? M????????c????s A????????????li????s in th???? t????????????it????????i????s n????????th ???????? th???? D????n????????????, ????i????st ????????????inst th???? M????????c????m????nni (172-3 CE) ????n???? th????n ????????????inst th???? S????????m????ti????ns (174-5 CE). Th???? n????????????????tiv????s ???????? th???? tw???? c????m????????i????ns ???????????? ????ivi???????????? ????n th???? c????l????mn ???????? ???? ????i???????????????? ???????? Vict???????????? wh???? w????it????s ????n ???? shi????l???? ????n???? th???? ????i????st ????????????ins ????????????m th???? ????????s???? with t????????????????s c????????ssin???? th???? D????n???????????? ????iv????????. Th???? v????st m????j????????it???? ???????? ????????is????????????s ???????????? th????s???? ????????????m th???? ????????ttl????????i????l???? ????????t th???????????? ???????????? s????m???? int????????????stin???? ????????ck????????????????n???? sc????n????s s????ch ????s th???? ????m???????????????????? ????????????????????ssin???? his t????????????????s ????n???? ????v????n ????lim????s????s ???????? th???? l????????istics ????n???? ????n????in????????????in???? ????????????ts ????????????????????????m???????? in R????m????n w???????????????????????? s????ch ????s ????n???? ????????????icti????n ???????? t????????????????s c????????ssin???? ???? ????????nt????????n ????????i????????????. Th???? ????????li????????s ???????????? t????????ic????l ???????? th???? st????l???? th????t w????????l???? c????m???? t???? ????????min????t???? L????t???? Anti????????it???? sc????l????t????????????. Th???????????? is ????n ????m????h????sis ????n ????????????nt????l vi????ws with ????????????s????????ctiv???? ????chi????v???????? sim????l???? ???????? h????vin???? sm????ll???????? ????i????????????????s in ????????ws ????????????v???? th???? ????????????????????????????????n???? ????n???? with ????i????????????????s ????????n???????????????????? n????t ????????it???? in ????????????????????????ti????n, h????????????s ????????in???? t???????? l???????????????? ????n???? ????????????i????s ????????in???? ????ith???????? t???????? sh????????t ???????? ????l????n????????t????????, ????n???? with ????????ci????l ????????????t????????????s minimis????????. Pl????st???????? c????sts ???????? th???? ????????li????????s c????n ???????? vi????w???????? in th???? M????s???????? ????????ll???? Civilità R????m????n???? in R????m????.
C????l????mn ???????? M????????c????s A????????????li????s Di????????????????m
Fl????tch????????, B????nist???????? (P????????lic D????m????in)
Th???? c????l????mn w????s ????????t????n c????ll???????? th???? ‘C????nt????n????????i????’ ???????? l????c????ls which ???????????????????????????????? t???? th???? h????i????ht ???????? th???? c????l????mn, imm????????i????t???? ????????s???? ????n???? c????????it????l, which t????????????th???????? m????????s???????????????? 100 R????m????n ????????????t (29.6 m). This is m????nti????n???????? in th???? insc????i????ti????n ????n th???? c????l????mn ????????s????. W???? ???????????? ????ls???? in????????????m???????? th????t th???????????? w????s ???? ????????????ic????t???????? ????????????c????????????t???????? ???????? c????????????t????k???????? ????????s????????nsi????l???? ???????????? th???? ????????k???????????? ???????? th???? m????n????m????nt. A????????????st????s, ???? ????????????????????m????n, h???????? ????ct????????ll???? ????????????????????st???????? in 193 CE th????t ???? h????t ???????? ????????ilt n???????????? th???? c????l????mn s???? th????t h???? c????????l???? ????????tt???????? ????????l????il his ????????l???? ????s ????????????????????i????n. Th???? ????????????????????st w????s ????????????nt???????? ????n???? th???? h????t ????????ilt ????n ????????????lic l????n???? s????it????????l???? n????????????????????.
Ov???????? th???? c????nt????????i????s th???? c????l????mn h????s s????????????????????????????, lik???? m????st ????nci????nt m????n????m????nts, th???? ????????v????????????s, n????t ????nl???? ???????? w????????th????????, ????????t ????ls???? th???? ch????n????in???? ???????? h????m????n n????????????s ????n???? t????st????s. Th???? sc????n????s ????n th???? c????l????mn w???????????? c????????v???????? in m????ch hi????h???????? ????????li???????? th????n ????n T????????j????n’s C????l????mn ????n???? h????v???? c????ns????????????????ntl???? ????????t????????i????????????t???????? m????ch m???????????? ???????????? t???? w????????th????????in????. Th???? c????l????mn h????s ????ls???? s???????????????????????????? li????htnin???? st????ik????s ????n???? ????????????th????????????k????s ????????t, ????v????n w????????s????, in th???? Mi????????l???? A????????s th???? v????l????????????l???? ????ins which h????l???? th???? v????????i????????s ????????????ms ???????? th???? c????l????mn in ????????siti????n w???????????? ????????m????v???????? ????n???? c????ns????????????????ntl???? s????v????????????l h????v???? shi????t???????? ????????????m????tic????ll???? ????v???????? tim????.
R????li???????? ????????????m th???? C????l????mn ???????? M????????c????s A????????????li????s
C????????????l???? R????????????????t???? (CC BY-NC-SA)
Th???? c????l????mn w????s ????????st???????????????? ???????? P???????????? Sixt????s th???? Fi????th in 1589 CE ????s insc????i????ti????ns ????n ????????ch si???????? ???????? th???? ????????s???? ????????l????t????. Th???? ????????????????st????l w????s ????????-????????????m???????? t???? ????cc????????nt ???????????? th???? ch????n???????? in ????????????????n???? l????v????l ????n???? ???? ????????????nz???? st????t???????? w????s ????ls???? ????????t ????????ck ????n th???? t???????? ???????? th???? c????l????mn, ????lth????????????h, this tim????, ????n???? ???????? St. P????????l. S????m???? ???????? th???? ‘????????st????????????ti????n’ w????????k w????s m???????????? ????????????sti????n????????l????. Th???????????? w???????????? ????????i????in????ll????, ???????????? ????x????m????l????, sc????l????t????????????s ????????????j????ctin???? ????????????m th???? c????l????mn ????????????????t h????l????w???????? ???????? in ???????????????? ????i????????cti????ns. Th????s???? sc????l????t????????????s ????????????ict???????? c????n???????????????????????? ????????????????????????i????ns s????????????????n????????????in???? t???? M????????c????s A????????????li????s ????n???? th???????????? Vict????????i????s with ????????????l????n????s, h????w????v????????, th???????? w???????????? ????????m????v???????? c????m????l????t????l???? ????????????m th???? st????????ct???????????? ????n???? th???????? s????????viv???? ????nl???? in R????n????iss????nc????-????????????i???????? ????????????win????s. Th????s???? ????lt????????????ti????ns ????n???? ????th???????? ????????????????i????s t???? ????????m???????????????? ????????????????s c????n ???????? cl????????????l???? s????????n t???????????????? ????s th???????? w???????????? ????ill???????? with ???????????????? P????????c????nn????si????n m????????????l???? which c????nt????????sts st????????kl???? with th???? ????????i????in????l ????in???? whit???? m????????????l???? ???????? this l????stin???? m????n????m????nt t???? R????m????n milit????????ism ????n???? v????nit????.